The results highlight the possibility for exogenous factors to induce pest outbreaks. Apr 01, 2015 in case 1, all fertility and mortality rates are fixed quantities, independent of population density. In reallife situations, population regulation is very complicated and density dependent and independent factors can interact. Explain how two critical factors influence whether a species will evolve toward semelparity or iteroparity. Population ecology population ecology logistic population growth. Densityindependent regulation and interaction with. Densitydependent and densityindependent population. Population density is the number of individuals per unit area. Selection maximizes r here, whereas it maximizes n for all other cases. A comparison of densitydependent and densityindependent. Compare and contrast density independent and density dependent regulation. Influence of density dependent and densityindependent factors. Population ecology logistic population growth britannica.
I also examined whether the influence of factors had a timelag of one or two years. A dense population that is reduced in a density independent manner by some environmental factor s will be able to recover differently than would a sparse population. This chapter addresses the roles of abiotic and biotic factors, and their. A limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size, is called aan. In population ecology, densitydependent processes occur when population growth rates are. Explain the effect of offspring care on parental survival in kestrels. Population and limiting factors background in nature, populations of organisms rarely grow uncontrolled. Density independent factors, such as weather and climate, exert their influences on population size regardless of the populations density. Density independent mortality factors density independent factors determine population changes and set the stage for the existence of populations. Natural or manmade disasters can reduce population size, regardless of whether carrying capacity has been reached. Small populations are particularly at risk of being wiped out by density independent limiting factors.
Density independent limiting factors cause abrupt and erratic shifts in population size. The importance of population growth and regulation in human. Density independent factors limit population sizes in an ecosystem due to events that occur regardless of the density of a certain population. Populationlimiting factors keep a population from increasing indefinitely. Weakening density dependence from climate change and agricultural. In population ecology, densitydependent processes occur when. Pdf understanding population change is essential for conservation of imperiled species, such as. Chapters 5 and 6 populations and humans in the biosphere.
The following are types of density independent factors. Densityindependent regulation can be affected by factors that affect birth. This means that population growth is not affected by. Describe density independent and density dependent factors. The geometric or exponential growth of all populations is eventually curtailed by food availability, competition for other resources, predation, disease, or some other ecological factor.
Harry smith, pioneering biological control worker with the university of california 1935, proposed the equivalent and now accepted terms density dependent and density independent. Other articles where densityindependent factor is discussed. Effects of yersinia pestis on the human population. Population and community ecology essential knowledge 2. All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy. Density independent factors, in ecology, refer to any influences on a populations birth or death rates, regardless of the population density. Based on the textbook, biology, by miller and levine. Some relationships between densityindependent selection and. Our mission is to provide a free, worldclass education to anyone, anywhere.
If growth is limited by resources such as food, the exponential growth of the population begins to slow as. What are density independent factors, and how do they affect population. A group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time cole 1957. Only a small fraction of the myriad statistical analytic methods are covered in this book, but. Populations may be regulated by either density dependent factors, density independent factors, or both. Density dependent factors are primarily responsible for regulating populations about an average level of abundance. Density independent factors are limiting no matter what the size of the population. Unusual weather such as hurricanes, droughts, or floods, and natural disasters such as wildfires, can act as density independent limiting factors.
Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and fires can be devastating to any habitat no matter what size it is. Densitydependent limiting factors cause a populations per capita growth rate to. The density independent factors tend to be abiotic. There also exists density independent inhibition, where other factors such as weather or environmental conditions and disturbances may affect a populations carrying capacity. Density dependent density independent if the statement is true, write true. To be specific, both densitydependent selection and. In truth, a better title for the course is experimental design and analysis, and that is the title of this book. Population size and growth may also be controlled by density independent factors, e. Weakening density dependence from climate change and. Identify the following as either density dependent or density independent. If the roosevelt elk population is below k carrying capacity, i expect to find a stronger influence from density dependent factors on population dynamics than density independent factors. A variety of factors can cause negative feedback on population growth. Change in sea otter populations around the aleutian islands 4.
Brown, department of biology, university of new mexico, albuquerque, nm. The geographic range is the area in which a population lives. Experimental design and statistical analysis go hand in hand, and neither can be understood without the other. Then state the specific limiting factor that is occurring. Abiotic factors include such things as temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil. How the individuals are spaced in their range is a populations distribution. Density independent factors must reflect the periodic nature of the curve and cannot include cataclysmic events such as earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. Introduction to population ecology radcliffes ipm world. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. With your group, discuss as many reason that you can think of that might be causing the sea otter population decline 6. Density independent factors are unrelated to population density. Adapted from holt biology 2008 chapter 5 section 1. Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem. Ap biology reading guide julia keller 12d fred and theresa holtzclaw.
Density dependent factors are factors that depend of the population density. Density dependent factors have an increased effect on a population as population density increases. A language and environment for statistical computing. Pdf density dependence and independence researchgate. Density independent factors are typically a physical factor of the environment, unrelated to the size of the population in question. Density dependent factors are more effective with a high density population and include food supply, disease, parasitism, competition.
So the most common density independent factor is natural disasters. Gotelli, 2001, a primer of ecology what is a population. Pdf density dependence occurs when the population growth rate, or constituent gain. Differentiate between density dependent and density independent factors. Such as food, water, and space density independent factors are factors that the population density. Location of the ecosystem aleutian islands, alaska 3. Various factors are employed to chart the population growth of species in order to ensure that it doesnt have any untoward effect on the ecosystem. Fw 662 lecture 1 densityindependent population models text. Density dependent factors density independent factors environmental resistance er population ecology a factor that causes higher mortality or reduced birth rates as a population becomes more dense is referred to as a density dependent factor. Density independent factors are limiting factors that affect all populations regardless of their densities whereas density dependent factors only affect populations when they reach a specific density. A limiting factor that only becomes limiting for a population when the population density reaches a certain level density independent limiting factor a limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways regardless of population size and density ill focus on density independent. Density dependent mortality factors are those that are facultative in effect, density independent mortality factors are those that are catastrophic in effect.
Students will also apply their knowledge of population growth to the human. Pdf densitydependent and densityindependent drivers of. If the statement is false, replace the italicized term or phrase to make it true. Density independent and dependent factors effects on population. A dense population that suffers mortality from a density independent cause will be able to recover differently than a sparse population.
Different populations may have very different age structures and these will determine their growth patterns. Dandelions above and a lioness with cub inset 95 section 4. Density dependent and independent limiting factors. We compare the two in a bid to find out what they are responsible for.
Explain how each can influence population growth density independent influences mortality in a population regardless of population at a given time affects growth rate and mortality. Density dependent mortality can be overcompensating, undercompensating or exactly compensating. Density independent and dependent factors effects on. This is the example youre most likely to see in your textbook. There also exists densityindependent inhibition, where other factors such as weather or. Eurycea ecology, behavior, and physiology crow, forstner, ostrand. In contrast, the effects of density dependent factors.
How populations grow characteristics of populations. Fw 662 lecture 1 densityindependent population models. What is the difference between density dependent and. Biology is brought to you with support from the amgen foundation. Density independent factors affect all individuals in a population the same and may include physical factors such as climate, weather or salinity or catastrophic events such as floods, fires or drought. This will improve the appearance of our help screens, and make future modifications much easier. The category of density independent limiting factors includes fires, natural disasters earthquakes, floods, tornados, and the effects of pollution. And a lot of these, as we just talked about, you could think of them as biotic factors. Density independent factors can affect a population no matter how many organisms are living in an area. Estimating the strength of density dependence in the presence of. What are density independent factors, and how do they. Biotic potential birth potential, capacity for survival, procreation, length of reproductive life carrying capacity depends on materials and energy, food chains, competition, density density dependent vs density independent factors. This would be reasonable if, over the evolutionary timescale of interest, human populations were largely regulated by density independent factors. A population can also crash due to factors like depletion of resources, buildup of wastes and pollutants.
Density independent factor biology with engelbrecht at. An example of a density dependent variable is crowding and competition. The populus help system beginning with populus release 5. Negative feedback prevents unlimited population growth. Biology students who have a basic understanding of functions, specifically 9th and 10th. Densitydependent mechanisms are important drivers of population. Determining how intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to amphibian. However, the field of population biology is different. Factors regulating population size are broadly classified into. These determining factors are classified into density dependent and densityindependent factors.
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